Introduction
Roscosmos, or the Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. It oversees the development and operation of spacecraft, launch vehicles, and space infrastructure. Roscosmos plays a critical role in space exploration, satellite deployment, and international space cooperation.
List of Launch Vehicles
Soyuz
The Soyuz family of launch vehicles is the most frequently used and is known for its reliability and versatility. It is used for manned missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and for launching satellites into orbit.
Proton
The Proton rocket is a heavy-lift launch vehicle used primarily for launching large satellites and interplanetary missions. It has been in service since the 1960s.
Angara
Angara is a new generation of modular launch vehicles designed to replace older rockets like the Proton. It comes in various configurations to carry payloads of different sizes.
Zenit
Zenit is a medium-lift launch vehicle developed originally by Ukraine but used by Roscosmos for various missions. It is known for its high performance and reliability.
Rockot
Rockot is a small satellite launch vehicle that uses converted ICBM technology. It is used for launching small payloads into low Earth orbit.
Energia
Energia was a super-heavy lift launch vehicle designed primarily for the Buran space shuttle program. Although it is no longer in use, it was a significant milestone in Soviet space technology.
Services
Satellite Launch Services
Roscosmos provides satellite launch services for various purposes, including telecommunications, Earth observation, and scientific research.
Manned Space Missions
Roscosmos is responsible for sending astronauts to the ISS, including international astronauts through partnerships with other space agencies.
Cargo Resupply
Roscosmos handles cargo resupply missions to the ISS using its Progress spacecraft, which deliver food, equipment, and scientific instruments.
Space Tourism
Roscosmos has facilitated space tourism missions, allowing private individuals to travel to the ISS.
Scientific Research
The agency supports a range of scientific missions, including interplanetary exploration, satellite-based research, and microgravity experiments.
International Collaboration
Roscosmos collaborates with other space agencies, such as NASA and ESA, on joint missions and the sharing of technology and expertise.
Financial Situation
As of the latest available information in 2023, Roscosmos has faced financial challenges, including budget constraints and funding issues. The Russian government provides the majority of its funding, but economic sanctions and geopolitical tensions have impacted its financial stability. Despite these challenges, Roscosmos continues to execute its core missions and maintain its position as a key player in international space exploration.